?導讀：中國氣候變化事務特使解振華和美國總統氣候問題特使約翰·克里于2023年7月16—19日在北京、11月4—7日在加利福尼亞陽光之鄉舉行會談，共同發布25項聲明。

　　近日，生態環境部發布“關于加強合作應對氣候危機的陽光之鄉聲明”，其中涉及25項中美雙方致力合作推動“應對氣候危機”的內容。詳情如下：
 
關于加強合作應對氣候危機的陽光之鄉聲明
 
　　重溫習近平主席和約瑟夫·拜登總統在印尼巴厘島會晤，中美雙方重申致力于合作并與其他國家共同努力應對氣候危機。為此，中國氣候變化事務特使解振華和美國總統氣候問題特使約翰·克里于2023年7月16—19日在北京、11月4—7日在加利福尼亞陽光之鄉舉行會談，并發表以下聲明：
 
　　一、中美兩國回顧、重申并致力于進一步有效和持續實施2021年4月中美應對氣候危機聯合聲明和2021年11月中美關于在21世紀20年代強化氣候行動的格拉斯哥聯合宣言。
 
　　二、中美兩國認識到，氣候危機對世界各國的影響日益顯著。面對政府間氣候變化專門委員會(IPCC)第六次評估報告等現有最佳科學發現的警示，兩國致力于有效實施聯合國氣候變化框架公約和巴黎協定，體現公平以及共同但有區別的責任和各自能力的原則，考慮不同國情，根據巴黎協定第二條所述將全球平均氣溫上升控制在低于2°C之內并努力限制在1.5°C之內，包括努力保持1.5°C可實現，達成該協定的目的。
 
　　三、中美兩國致力于有效實施巴黎協定及其決定，包括格拉斯哥氣候協議和沙姆沙伊赫實施計劃。兩國強調，公約第28次締約方大會(COP28)對于在這關鍵十年及其后有意義地應對氣候危機至關重要。兩國認識到，兩國無論是在國內應對措施還是共同合作行動方面對于落實巴黎協定各項目標、推動多邊主義均具有重要作用。為了人類今世后代，兩國將合作并與公約和巴黎協定其他締約方一道直面當今世界最為嚴峻的挑戰之一。
 
　　四、中美兩國決定啟動“21世紀20年代強化氣候行動工作組”，開展對話與合作，以加速21世紀20年代的具體氣候行動。工作組將聚焦聯合聲明和聯合宣言中確定的合作領域，包括能源轉型、甲烷、循環經濟和資源利用效率、低碳可持續省/州和城市、毀林以及雙方同意的其他主題。工作組將就控制和減少排放的政策、措施和技術進行信息交流，分享各自經驗，識別和實施合作項目，并評估聯合聲明、聯合宣言和本次聲明的實施情況。工作組由兩國氣候變化特使共同領導，兩國相關部委和政府機構的官員以適當方式參加。
 
　　五、中美兩國將于COP28之前及其后在工作組下重點加速以下具體行動，特別是切實可行和實實在在的合作計劃和項目。
 
　　能源轉型
 
　　六、在21世紀20年代這關鍵十年，兩國支持二十國集團領導人宣言所述努力爭取到2030年全球可再生能源裝機增至三倍，并計劃從現在到2030年在2020年水平上充分加快兩國可再生能源部署，以加快煤油氣發電替代，從而可預期電力行業排放在達峰后實現有意義的絕對減少。
 
　　七、雙方同意重啟中美能效論壇，以深化工業、建筑、交通和設備等重點領域節能降碳政策交流。
 
　　八、中美兩國計劃重啟雙邊能源政策和戰略對話，就共同商定的議題開展交流，推動二軌活動，加強務實合作。
 
　　九、兩國爭取到2030年各自推進至少5個工業和能源等領域碳捕集利用和封存(CCUS)大規模合作項目。
 
　　甲烷和其他非二氧化碳溫室氣體排放
 
　　十、兩國將落實各自國家甲烷行動計劃并計劃視情細化進一步措施。
 
　　十一、兩國將立即啟動技術性工作組合作，開展政策對話、技術解決方案交流和能力建設，在各自國家甲烷行動計劃基礎上制定各自納入其2035年國家自主貢獻的甲烷減排行動/目標，并支持兩國各自甲烷減/控排取得進展。
 
　　十二、兩國計劃就各自管理氧化亞氮排放的措施開展合作。
 
　　十三、兩國計劃在基加利修正案下共同努力逐步減少氫氟碳化物，并致力于確保生產的所有制冷設備采用有力度的最低能效標準。
 
　　循環經濟和資源利用效率
 
　　十四、認識到循環經濟發展和資源利用效率對于應對氣候危機的重要作用，兩國相關政府部門計劃盡快就這些議題開展一次政策對話，并支持雙方企業、高校、研究機構開展交流討論和合作項目。
 
　　十五、中美兩國決心終結塑料污染并將與各方一道制訂一項具有法律約束力的塑料污染(包括海洋環境塑料污染)國際文書。
 
　　地方合作
 
　　十六、中美兩國將支持省、州和城市在電力、交通、建筑和廢棄物等領域開展氣候合作。雙方將推動地方政府、企業、智庫和其他相關方積極參與合作。兩國將通過商定的定期會議，進行政策對話、最佳實踐分享、信息交流并促進項目合作。
 
　　十七、中美兩國計劃于2024年上半年舉辦地方氣候行動高級別活動。
 
　　十八、雙方歡迎并贊賞兩國已開展的地方合作，并鼓勵省、州和城市開展務實氣候合作。
 
　　森林
 
　　十九、雙方承諾進一步努力，以到2030年停止和扭轉森林減少，包括通過規管和政策手段全面落實并有效執行各自禁止非法進口的法律。雙方計劃包括在工作組下討論交流如何增進努力，以加強這一承諾的落實。
 
　　溫室氣體和大氣污染物減排協同
 
　　二十、兩國計劃合作推動相關政策措施和技術部署，以加強溫室氣體與氮氧化物、揮發性有機物和其他對流層臭氧前體物等大氣污染物排放的協同控制。
 
　　2035年國家自主貢獻
 
　　二十一、重申國家自主貢獻由國家自主決定的性質，回顧巴黎協定第四條第4款，兩國2035年國家自主貢獻將是全經濟范圍，包括所有溫室氣體，所體現的減排符合全球平均氣溫上升控制在低于2°C之內并努力限制在1.5°C之內的巴黎溫控目標。
 
　　COP28
 
　　二十二、中美兩國將會同阿拉伯聯合酋長國邀請各國參加在COP28期間舉行的“甲烷和非二氧化碳溫室氣體峰會”。
 
　　二十三、中美兩國將積極參與巴黎協定首次全球盤點，這是締約方對力度、落實和合作進行回頭看的重要機會，以符合巴黎協定溫控目標，即將全球平均氣溫上升控制在低于2°C之內并努力限制在1.5°C之內，并與締約方決心保持1.5°C溫控目標可實現相一致。
 
　　二十四、兩國致力于共同努力并與其他締約方一道，以協商一致方式達成全球盤點決定。兩國認為，該決定：
 
　　——應體現在實現巴黎協定目標方面取得的實質性積極進展，包括該協定促進了締約方和非締約方利益攸關方的行動，以及世界在溫升軌跡方面相比沒有協定明顯處于較好的狀況；
 
　　——應考慮公平，并參考現有最佳科學，包括最新 IPCC 報告；
 
　　——應在各個主題領域保持平衡，包括回顧性和響應性要素，并與巴黎協定設計保持一致；
 
　　——應體現實現巴黎協定目標需要結合不同國情，在行動和支持方面大幅增強雄心和加強落實；
 
　　——應在能源轉型(可再生能源、煤/油/氣)、森林等碳匯、甲烷等非二氧化碳氣體，以及低碳技術等方面發出信號；
 
　　——認識到國家自主貢獻的國家自主決定性質并回顧巴黎協定第四條第4款，應鼓勵2035年全經濟范圍國家自主貢獻涵蓋所有溫室氣體；
 
　　——應體現適應至關重要，并輔以一項強有力的決定，以提出一個有力度的全球適應目標框架——加速適應，包括制定目標/指標以加強適應有效性；為發展中國家締約方提供早期預警系統；加強關鍵領域(例如糧食、水、基礎設施、健康和生態系統)適應努力；
 
　　——應注意到發達國家預期2023年實現1000億美元氣候資金目標，重申敦促發達國家締約方將其提供的適應資金至少翻倍；期待COP29通過新的集體量化資金目標；并使資金流動符合巴黎協定目標；
 
　　——應歡迎并贊賞過渡委員會關于建立解決損失和損害問題的資金安排，包括為此設立一項基金的建議；
 
　　——應強調國際合作的重要作用，包括氣候危機的全球性要求盡可能廣泛的合作，而這種合作是實現有力度的減緩行動和氣候韌性發展的關鍵推動因素。
 
　　二十五、中美兩國致力于進一步加強對話、協作努力，支持主席國阿聯酋成功舉辦COP28。
 
　　The Sunnylands Statement on Enhancing Cooperation to Address the Climate Crisis
 
　　Recalling the meeting between President Xi Jinping and President Joseph R. Biden in Bali, Indonesia, China and the United States reaffirm their commitment to work jointly and together with other countries to address the climate crisis. In this regard, China Special Envoy for Climate Change Xie Zhenhua and U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate John Kerry met in Beijing from 16 to 19 July 2023 and at Sunnylands, California, from 4 to 7 November 2023 and released the followings:
 
　　1. China and the United States recall, reaffirm, and commit to further the effective and sustained implementation of the April 2021 China-U.S. Joint Statement Addressing the Climate Crisis and the November 2021 China-U.S. Joint Glasgow Declaration on Enhancing Climate Action in the 2020s.
 
　　2. China and the United States recognize that the climate crisis has increasingly affected countries around the world. Alarmed by the best available scientific findings including the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, China and the United States remain committed to the effective implementation of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, reflecting equity and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in light of different national circumstances, to achieve the Paris Agreement’s aim in accordance with its Article 2 to hold the global average temperature increase to well below 2 degrees C and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees C, including efforts to keep 1.5 degrees C within reach.
 
　　3. China and the United States remain committed to the effective implementation of the Paris Agreement and decisions thereunder, including the Glasgow Climate Pact and the Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan. Both countries stress the importance of COP 28 in responding meaningfully to the climate crisis during this critical decade and beyond. They are aware of the important role they play in terms of both national responses and working together cooperatively to address the goals of the Paris Agreement and promote multilateralism. They will work together and with other Parties to the Convention and the Paris Agreement to rise up to one of the greatest challenges of our time for present and future generations of humankind.
 
　　4. China and the United States decide to operationalize the Working Group on Enhancing Climate Action in the 2020s, to engage in dialogue and cooperation to accelerate concrete climate actions in the 2020s. The Working Group will focus on the areas of cooperation that have been identified in the Joint Statement and the Joint Declaration, including on energy transition, methane, circular economy and resource efficiency, low-carbon and sustainable provinces/states & cities, and deforestation, as well as any agreed topics. The Working Group will carry out information exchanges on policies, measures, and technologies for controlling and reducing emissions, share their respective experiences, identify and implement cooperative projects, and evaluate the implementation of the Joint Statement, the Joint Declaration, and this Statement. The Working Group is co-led by the two special envoys on climate change, with the appropriate participation of officials from the relevant ministries and government agencies of the two countries.
 
　　5. China and the United States will, on the road to COP 28 and beyond, accelerate, inter alia, the following concrete actions, including practical and tangible collaborative programs and projects under the Working Group.
 
　　Energy Transition
 
　　6. Both countries support the G20 Leaders Declaration to pursue efforts to triple renewable energy capacity globally by 2030 and intend to sufficiently accelerate renewable energy deployment in their respective economies through 2030 from 2020 levels so as to accelerate the substitution for coal, oil and gas generation, and thereby anticipate post-peaking meaningful absolute power sector emission reduction, in this critical decade of the 2020s.
 
　　7. Both sides agree to restart the China-U.S. Energy Efficiency Forum to deepen policy exchanges on energy-saving and carbon-reducing solutions in key areas including industry, buildings, transportation, and equipment.
 
　　8. China and the United States intend to recommence bilateral dialogues on energy policies and strategies, carry out exchanges on mutually agreed topics, and facilitate track II activities to enhance pragmatic cooperation.
 
　　9. The two countries aim to advance at least 5 large-scale cooperative CCUS projects each by 2030, including from industrial and energy sources.
 
　　Methane and Other Non-CO2 GHG Emissions
 
　　10. The two countries will implement their respective national methane action plans and intend to elaborate further measures, as appropriate.
 
　　11. The two countries will immediately initiate technical working group cooperation on policy dialogue, technical solutions exchanges, and capacity building, building on their respective national methane action plans to develop their respective methane reduction actions/targets for inclusion in their 2035 NDCs and support each country’s methane reduction/control progress.
 
　　12. The two countries intend to cooperate on respective measures to manage nitrous oxide emissions.
 
　　13. The two countries intend to work together under the Kigali Amendment to phase down HFCs and commit to ensure application of ambitious minimum efficiency standards for all cooling equipment manufactured.
 
　　Circular Economy and Resource Efficiency
 
　　14. Recognizing the importance of developing circular economy and resource efficiency in addressing the climate crisis, relevant government agencies of the two countries intend to conduct a policy dialogue on these topics as soon as possible and support enterprises, universities, and research institutions of both sides to engage in discussions and collaborative projects.
 
　　15. China and the United States are determined to end plastic pollution and will work together and with others to develop an international legally binding instrument on plastic pollution, including the marine environment.
 
　　Subnational Cooperation
 
　　16. China and the United States will support climate cooperation among states, provinces, and cities with regard to areas including, inter alia, the power, transportation, buildings, and waste sectors. Both sides will facilitate subnational governments, enterprises, think tanks, and other stakeholders to actively participate in the cooperation. The two countries will meet periodically, as agreed, for policy dialogue, best practices sharing, information exchange, and to facilitate cooperative programs.
 
　　17. China and the United States intend to hold a high-level event on subnational climate action in the first half of 2024.
 
　　18. Both sides welcome with appreciation existing subnational cooperation between the two countries and encourage states, provinces, and cities to promote practical climate cooperation.
 
　　Forests
 
　　19. Both sides commit to advance efforts to halt and reverse forest loss by 2030, including by fully implementing through regulation and policy, and effectively enforcing, their respective laws on banning illegal imports. They intend to engage in discussions and exchanges, including under the Working Group, on ways to improve efforts to strengthen implementation of this commitment.
 
　　GHG and Air Pollutant Reduction Synergy
 
　　20. Both countries intend to cooperate in promoting relevant policies and measures and the deployment of technologies to enhance synergy of controlling GHG emissions and air pollutants, including NOX, VOCs, and other tropospheric ozone precursors.
 
　　2035 NDCs
 
　　21. Reaffirming the nationally determined nature of NDCs, and recalling Article 4.4 of the Paris Agreement, both countries’ 2035 NDCs will be economy-wide, include all greenhouse gases, and reflect the reductions aligned with the Paris temperature goal of holding the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees C and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees C.
 
　　COP 28
 
　　22. China and the United States, with the United Arab Emirates, invite countries to a Methane and Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases Summit at COP 28.
 
　　23. China and the United States look forward to the first Global Stocktake under the Paris Agreement, which is a vital opportunity for the Parties to reflect on ambition, implementation, and cooperation, in line with the Paris temperature goal to hold the global average temperature increase to well below 2 degrees C and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees C, and the Parties’ resolve to keep a 1.5 degree C limit on temperature rise within reach.
 
　　24. Both countries are committed to working with each other and with other Parties to adopt a consensus Global Stocktake decision. In the view of both countries, the decision:
 
　　should reflect that there has been substantial positive progress toward achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement, including that the Agreement has catalyzed action by both Parties and non-Party stakeholders and that the world is considerably better off in terms of its temperature trajectory than it would have been in the absence of the Agreement;
 
　　should take account of equity and be informed by the best available science, including the most recent IPCC reports;
 
　　should be balanced across thematic areas, include both retrospective and responsive elements, and be consistent with the design of the Paris Agreement;
 
　　should reflect that substantially more ambition and implementation on action and support will be needed to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goals, recognizing different national circumstances;
 
　　should send signals with respect to the energy transition (renewable energy, coal/oil/gas), carbon sinks including forests, non-CO2 gases including methane, and low-carbon technologies, etc.;
 
　　recognizing the nationally determined nature of NDCs and recalling Article 4.4 of the Paris Agreement, should encourage economy-wide 2035 NDCs covering all greenhouse gases;
 
　　should reflect the critical importance of adaptation and be accompanied by a robust decision that delivers an ambitious framework for the global goal on adaptation — one that accelerates adaptation, including developing targets/indicators to enhance adaptation effectiveness; delivering early warning systems for developing country Parties; and strengthening adaptation efforts in key areas (e.g. food, water, infrastructure, health, and ecosystems);
 
　　should note the expectation of the developed countries that the $100b goal will be met in 2023, reaffirm the urging of developed country Parties to at least double their provision of adaptation finance; anticipate the adoption by COP 29 of the new collective quantified goal; and make finance flows consistent with the Paris Agreement goals;
 
　　should welcome with appreciation the recommendations of the Transitional Committee with respect to establishing funding arrangements to address loss and damage, including the establishment of a fund; and
 
　　should emphasize the important role of international cooperation, including that the global nature of the climate crisis calls for the widest possible cooperation and that such cooperation is a critical enabler for achieving ambitious mitigation action and climate-resilient development.
 
　　25.China and the United States are committed to further their dialogues, efforts, and collaboration to support the UAE Presidency for the success of COP 28.

（文章來源：生態環境部）